In brief
Night-time vocalisation, disorientation or changed social contact can occur with cognitive decline, but pain, hypertension, thyroid disease, kidney disease and sensory loss can look very similar.
Possible signs
- Disorientation or getting stuck in familiar places.
- Changes in interaction with people or other animals.
- Altered sleep, especially waking and vocalising at night.
- House-soiling or forgetting familiar routines.
- Changed activity, anxiety or repetitive behaviour.
First exclude medical causes
There is no single test for cognitive dysfunction. A physical and neurological examination, blood pressure, blood and urine testing, pain assessment and evaluation of vision and hearing help identify conditions that may be treatable.
Support at home
Keep routines predictable, provide night lights, easy access to food, water and low-entry litter trays, and avoid moving essential resources unnecessarily. Gentle play, scent exploration and simple food puzzles can provide enrichment without overwhelming the cat.
Medical support
Treatment focuses on concurrent disease, pain and anxiety. Nutrition, supplements or medication may be considered for selected cats, but evidence and suitability vary. Follow-up helps determine whether changes are useful.
Conclusion
Behaviour change in an older cat deserves a medical check. Cognitive decline is possible, but it should never be assumed before treatable causes have been investigated.